FM 31-28 informed Special Forces tactical thinking for urban operations around the turn of the century. Many principles (speed, surprise, detailed reconnaissance, sectorization, and civilian considerations) remain relevant, though modern forces now supplement such manuals with updated doctrine, technology integration (drones, advanced ISR, encrypted communications), and lessons learned from recent urban campaigns.
Note: While some versions or associated training materials were labeled FOUO (For Official Use Only) in the era surrounding 1999, the content outlines fundamental principles of CQB (Close Quarters Battle) and urban doctrine developed by the U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS) . Core Focus of FM 31-28 (1999)
FM 31-28 breaks down the chaotic urban battlefield into structured, repeatable tactical actions. The manual details several primary disciplines that dictate SFAUC operations: 1. Close Quarters Battle (CQB)
The manual addresses the unique challenges of using firearms in confined spaces. This includes target acquisition at extremely short ranges, maintaining weapon retention in tight corridors, and the logistical considerations of carrying specialized equipment—such as night vision devices and communication arrays—within the clutter of a city. The "For Official Use Only" (FOUO) Classification FM 31-28 informed Special Forces tactical thinking for
Special Forces snipers operate differently in cities than in rural environments. FM 31-28 provides guidelines on:
1 December 1999
Fast-roping and rappelling from buildings or helicopters to access rooftops. 4. Special Equipment & Tools Army John F
FM 31-28 Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat (1 December 1999) - A Detailed Overview
The technical knowledge contained within the FM 31-28 PDF focuses heavily on what is fundamentally known as the "Modern Technique of Weaponcraft," adapted specifically for the tight geometric confines of rooms, hallways, and stairwells. The manual breaks down advanced urban combat into several highly integrated disciplines: 1. Close Quarters Marksmanship (CQM)
: The technical art of gaining entry. The manual covers everything from mechanical tools like crowbars and "quickie saws" to sophisticated explosive breaching for doors and windows. The manual details several primary disciplines that dictate
Over time, parts of the SFAUC doctrine became mirrored or adapted into broader unclassified and official publications, such as FM 3-06.11 (Combined Arms in Urban Combat) . In later decades, the Department of the Army consolidated and renumbered much of its Special Forces manual inventory—moving structural items from the old 31-series into the (such as FM 3-05.20 / Joint Special Operations frameworks).
Below is an overview of the manual’s core components and its role in special operations training. Purpose and Strategic Origin
FM 31-28, "Special Forces Advanced Urban Combat," is a comprehensive guide to advanced urban combat techniques for Special Forces operatives. The manual's publication in 1999 marked a significant shift in the formalization of doctrine and training for Special Forces units operating in urban environments.
Military doctrine is fluid and constantly updated. FM 31-28 was part of the older "31-series" field manuals, which covered Special Operations.
The manual outlines a multi-tiered progression of skills, moving from individual shooter mechanics to synchronized multi-room team clearances. 1. Close Quarters Marksmanship (CQM)
EN 
DE 
FR 
ES 
PL 
IT 
HR 
LT